Metabolomics studies of allelopathy: a review

SUMMARY Introduction: Allelopathy is a harmful effect indirectly or directly produced by one plant to another through the production of chemical substances that enter the environment. Allelopathy has a pertinent significance for systems of ecological, sustainable, and integrated management. These natural reactions have multiple effects, ranging from processes of inhibition and stimulation of growth in neighbor plants to inhibition of seed germination. Metabolomics is a discipline integral that studies all the metabolites in a particular tissue, organ, or organism in a specific developmental stage or under particular environmental conditions, and it allows for the assessment of the contribution of genetic and environmental factors to the modification of metabolism. With the growing number of "omics", new approaches can be used to understand metabolic changes that occur in plants, especially in proteomics and metabolomics, and thus those analyses could be profiled in coming years with the objective of knowing the allelopathome of a larger number of plant species and their interactions. Aim: To provide a recent update on the science of allelopathy in the context of physiology, practical application of metabolomics in allelopathic studies, allelochemicals analyzed by metabolomics in alfalfa, rice, canola, sorghum, rye, wheat and other crops and finally mentionated the biological activity of allelopathic secondary metabolites. Methods: A recent comprehensive literature search of allelopathy and metabolomics in journal databases was carried out. Results: The concept of allelopathy, allelopathic mechanisms, metabolomic studies in allelopathy, allelochemicals analysed by metabolomics in alfalfa, rice, canola, rye sorghum, wheat and other agro-industrially important crops, and the biological activity of allelopathic secondary metabolites are detailed. Conclusions: These studies suggest that a combination of secondary metabolites can be used to attack weeds. In situ and In vitro culture of secondary metabolites (allelochemical types) is recommended to be used as organics compounds in weed organic control in the future.

Introducción: la alelopatía es un efecto nocivo producido directa o indirectamente por una planta a otra a través de la producción de sustancias químicas que ingresan al medio ambiente. La alelopatía es importante para los sistemas de manejo ecológico, sostenible e integrado. Estas reacciones naturales tienen múltiples efectos, que van desde procesos de inhibición y estimulación del crecimiento en plantas vecinas hasta la inhibición de la germinación de semillas. La metabolómica es una disciplina integral que estudia todos los metabolitos en un determinado tejido, órgano u organismo en una determinada etapa de desarrollo o en determinadas condiciones ambientales, y permite evaluar la contribución de los factores genéticos y ambientales a la modificación del metabolismo. Con el creciente número de "ómicas", se pueden utilizar nuevos enfoques para comprender los cambios metabólicos que ocurren en las plantas, especialmente en proteómica y metabolómica, y así esos análisis podrían perfilarse en los próximos años con el objetivo de conocer el alelopatoma de un mayor número. de las especies de plantas y sus interacciones. Objetivo: proporcionar una actualización reciente sobre la ciencia de la alelopatía en el contexto de la fisiología, la aplicación práctica de la metabolómica en los estudios alelopáticos, los aleloquímicos analizados por metabolómica en alfalfa, arroz, canola, sorgo, centeno, trigo y otros cultivos y, finalmente, mencionar los aspectos biológicos. actividad de los metabolitos secundarios alelopáticos. Métodos: se realizó una búsqueda bibliográfica exhaustiva reciente sobre alelopatía y metabolómica en bases de datos de revistas. Resultados: se detalla el concepto de alelopatía, los mecanismos alelopáticos, los estudios metabolómicos en alelopatía, los aleloquímicos analizados por metaboló-mica en alfalfa, arroz, canola, sorgo de centeno, trigo y otros cultivos de importancia agroindustrial, y la actividad biológica de los metabolitos secundarios alelopáticos. Conclusiones: estos estudios sugieren que se puede utilizar una combinación de metabolitos secundarios para atacar a las malas hierbas. Se recomienda el cultivo in situ e in vitro de metabolitos secundarios (de tipo aleloquímico) para ser utilizados como compuestos orgánicos en el control orgánico de las malas hierbas en el futuro.

Introdução: A alelopatia é um efeito nocivo produzido de forma indireta ou direta por uma planta a outra por meio da produção de substâncias químicas que adentram o meio ambiente. A alelopatia é importante para sistemas de manejo ecológico, sustentável e integrado. Essas reações naturais têm múltiplos efeitos, que vão desde processos de inibição e estimulação do crescimento em plantas vizinhas até a inibição da germinação de sementes. A metabolômica é uma disciplina integral que estuda todos os metabólitos em um determinado tecido, órgão ou organismo em um estágio de desenvolvimento específico ou condições ambientais particulares, e permite avaliar a contribuição de fatores genéticos e ambientais para a modificação do metabolismo. Com o crescente número de "ômicas", novas abordagens podem ser utilizadas para entender as alterações metabólicas que ocorrem nas plantas, principalmente em proteômica e metabolómica, e assim essas análises poderão ser perfiladas nos próximos anos com o objetivo de conhecer o alelopatoma de um número maior das espécies vegetais e suas interações. Objetivo: fornecer uma atualização recente sobre a ciência da alelopatia no contexto da fisiologia, aplicação prática da metabolômica em estudos alelopáticos, aleloquímicos analisados por metabolômica em alfafa, arroz, canola, sorgo, centeio, trigo e outras culturas e, finalmente, mencionar atividade de metabólitos secundários alelopáticos. Métodos: uma pesquisa bibliográfica abrangente recente sobre alelopatia e metabolismo foi conduzida em bancos de dados de periódicos. Resultados: o conceito de alelopatia, mecanismos alelopáticos, estudos metabólicos em alelopatia, aleloquímicos analisados por metabolômicos em alfafa, arroz, canola, sorgo de centeio, trigo e outros cultivos agroindustriais importantes, e a atividade biológica dos metabólitos secundários alelopáticos são detalhados. Conclusões: esses estudos sugerem que uma combinação de metabólitos secundários pode ser usada para atacar ervas daninhas. Recomenda-se o cultivo in situ e in vitro de metabólitos secundários (tipo alquímico) para uso como compostos orgânicos no controle de ervas daninhas orgânicas no futuro.

Metabolomic data of phenolic compounds from Acer negundo extracts.

Phytochemical and metabolomic data were obtained for the most important phenolic compounds in ethanolic extracts from the endangered Acer negundo tree in Morelia, Michoacan. Samples of leaves and stems were subjected to ethanolic extraction with electric rotavapor. We developed a metabolomic analysis that encompassed the correlation between the leaf and stem extracts through principal component analysis. The data were obtained with an infinity Agilent ultrahigh resolution liquid chromatograph coupled to a Agilent triple quadrupole mass spectrometer. The protocol used was a dynamic MRM (Multiple Reaction Monitoring). Clustering result shown as heatmap (distance measure using euclidean, and clustering algorithm using ward.D).

Overview of the current situation regarding the coronavirus. / Panorama de la situación actual con respecto al coronavirus.

Coronaviruses (CoV) are pathogens that are transmitted to animals and humans; they spread around the world. Six types of coronavirus have been identified as causing human disease: four cause mild respiratory symptoms, while two types, the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome (MERS) and the Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome (SARS), have caused epidemics with high mortality rates. Human coronaviruses cause common cold, lead to lower respiratory tract infections and are involved in pediatric gastroenteritis. Currently, the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 has been transmitted between species, included humans, and is a very virulent respiratory virus, causing the disease known as COVID-19, which to date, has not an authorized medical treatment. The World Health Organization announced that the outbreak of COVID-19 has been upgraded from a health emergency to a pandemic. Therefore, the objectives of this paper are to mention the basic concepts of coronavirus (structure, genome, mutation and recombination), its epidemiological description, animal-human transmission mechanism, pathogenesis and therapeutics.

Los coronavirus (CoV) son patógenos que se transmiten a los animales y a los humanos; tienen una distribución mundial. Se han identificado seis tipos de CoV como causantes de enfermedades humanas: cuatro causan síntomas respiratorios leves, mientras que dos tipos, el síndrome respiratorio del Medio Oriente (MERS) y el síndrome respiratorio agudo severo (SARS), han causado epidemias con altas tasas de mortalidad. Los coronavirus humanos causan el resfriado común, provocan infecciones de las vías respiratorias inferiores y están implicados en la gastroenteritis infantil. En la actualidad, el coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 se ha transmitido entre especies, incluido el hombre, y tiene la característica de ser un virus respiratorio muy virulento que causa la enfermedad conocida como COVID-19, la cual hasta la fecha no tiene un tratamiento médico autorizado. La Organización Mundial de la Salud anunció que el brote de COVID-19 ha pasado de ser una emergencia sanitaria a una pandemia. Por lo tanto, los objetivos de este documento son mencionar las generalidades de los coronavirus (estructura, genoma, mutación y recombinación), la descripción epidemiológica, el mecanismo de transmisión entre animales y humanos, la patogénesis y la terapéutica.

Chemical Characteristics, Therapeutic Uses, and Legal Aspects of the Cannabinoids of Cannabis sativa: A Review

Abstract Marijuana (Cannabis sativa) is an important annual medicinal plant that belongs to the Cannabaceae family. It contains 421 substances of 18 chemical types-the most significant compound is δ-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, which causes several effects, both in the Central Nervous System and in several peripheral locations in the organism. The objectives of this scientific review are to mention the anatomical distribution, chemical characteristics and biosynthesis of cannabinoids, as well as its actions mechanisms. The endogenous cannabinoid system, the therapeutic properties of C. sativa and its action on the nociceptive control are described. Finally, the modulators of the cannabinoid system in clinical use are indicated, together with marijuana legalization benefits.

Sustainable production with obtaining glucosamine from crab exoskeletons / Produção sustentável para obtenção de glucosamina a partir de exoesqueletos de caranguejo

ABSTRACT: Two chemical treatments, five enzymatic (pectinase, lipase, hemicellulase, hemicellulose-cellulase or lipase-pectinase) and one microbiological (Bacillus subtilis) treatment were evaluated to obtain glucosamine hydrochloride (Gluc-HCl) from the chitin obtained from crab (Callinectes bellicosus) exoskeletons. Chemical treatments were referred as Method A (HCl hydrolysis during 75 min at 90°C) and Method B (HCl hydrolysis during 20 min and 14 h of rest). Glucosamine and, in some cases, N-acetyl-D-glucosamine were identified and quantified by HPLC. Treatments with the greater concentrations of Gluc-HCl in descending order were: lipase (94.4 mg/g), microbiological (45.7 mg/g), lipase-pectinase (22.9 mg/g), hemicellulase-cellulase (20.9 mg/g), hemicellulase (15.3 mg/g), pectinase (10.7 mg/g), Chemical A (7.3mg/g) and Chemical B (7.3mg/g). In terms of yield, the best treatments in descending order were: pectinase (94%), microbiological (94%), hemicellulase (92%), lipase (91%), Chemical B (88%), lipase-pectinase (88%), hemicellulase-cellulase (86%) and Chemical A (28.5%). The two most profound treatments were lipase and microbiological, so they are proposed as part of a viable method to produce Gluc-HCl from crab exoskeletons; they are ecofriendly procedures and could add value to the crab´s productive chain.

RESUMO: Dois tratamentos químicos, cinco enzimáticos (pectinase, lipase, hemicelulase, hemicelulose-celulase ou lipase-pectinase) e um microbiológico (Bacillus subtilis) foram avaliados para obter o cloridrato de glucosamina (Gluc-HCl) da quitina obtida a partir de exoesqueletos de caranguejo (Callinectes. Bellicosus). Os dois tratamentos químicos foram nomeados como método A (hidrólise de HCl para 75 min a 90 °C) e método B (hidrólise de HCl para 20 min e 14 h de repouso). A Glucosamina e, em alguns casos, N-acetil-D-glucosamina foram identificados e quantificados por HPLC. Os tratamentos em que as melhores concentrações de Glucosamina-HCl foram obtidas, em ordem decrescente: lipase (94,4 mg/g), microbiológica (45,7 mg/g), lipase-pectinase (22,9 mg/g), hemicelulase-celulase (20,9 mg/g), hemicelulase (15,3 mg/g), pectinase (10,7mg/g), Quïmica A (7,3 mg/g) e Quïmica B (7,3 mg/g). Em termos de produtividade, os melhores tratamentos em ordem decrescente foram: pectinase (94%), microbiológica (94%), hemicelulase (92%), lipase (91%), química B (88%), lipase-pectinase (88%), hemicelulase- celulase (86%) e produto químico A (28,5%). Os dois melhores tratamentos foram lipase e microbiológicos, propostos como método viável para obtenção de Gluc-HCl a partir de exoesqueletos de caranguejo; cumprem procedimentos ecologicamente corretos e podem agregar valor à cadeia produtiva do caranguejo.

Morphological and phytochemical data of Vanilla species in Mexico.

This systematic determination of morphological and phytochemical data was conducted with the purpose of conserving and identifying the phylogenetic relationship among the Vanilla species of the Totonacapan region in Mexico to increase awareness of the genetic biodiversity. Samples of Vanilla planifolia, V. planifolia cv. "oreja de burro", V. pompona, V. insignis, and V. inodora, are distributed across 19 municipalities of the State of Veracruz and 19 municipalities of the State of Puebla. Morphological data parameters were determined in situ and included leaf length, leaf width, leaf thickness, stem diameter, stem thickness, node distance, stem texture degree, flower colour intensity, and fruit length. Similarly, alkaloids, tannins, saponins, phenols, flavonoids, and terpenes were determined by specifically phytochemical tests and quantified by thin layer chromatography. Both, morphological and phytochemical data parameters, were successfully used in assembling dendrograms by using the Euclidian distance method and by principal component analysis.

Una revisión sobre la producción de taxoides anticancerígenos en cultivos in vitro de callos y células de Taxus spp / A review on the production of taxoids anti-cancer of callus and cells of Taxus spp. in cultures in vitro

Los taxoides son diterpenos polioxigenados provenientes de la ruta metabólica del 2-metil-eritritol 4-fosfato cuya biosíntesis se genera en los plastidios. La importancia de los taxoides entre ellos el taxol, en el área de la medicina humana es muy valiosa debido a la utilización en oncología, fármaco utilizado contra el cáncer de seno, pulmón y ovario. Las especies de árboles de Taxus spp. están en peligro de extinción debido a la tala inmoderada, a la baja reproducción, lento crecimiento; por lo que el cultivo de tejidos vegetales in vitro es una alternativa biotecnológica de alto impacto y de gran ayuda para el conocimiento de la producción de los taxoides a nivel in vitro y sobre todo, para la conservación de este valioso recurso natural. Los objetivos de este artículo son: origen del taxol, su mecanismo de acción biológico, la biosíntesis de los taxoides, el método de extracción así como la producción de taxoides in situ y en cultivos in vitro de callos y células de Taxus spp.

The taxoids are polioxigenated diterpenes from the metabolic pathway of the 2-methyl-erythritol 4-phosphate whose biosynthesis is generated in the plastides. The importance of the taxoides including taxol, in the area of human medicine is very valuable due to the use in oncology, drug used against breast, lung and ovarian cancer. The species of trees of Taxus spp. are in danger of extinction due to logging immoderate, to the low reproduction rate, slow growth; therefore, the plant tissue culture in vitro is a biotechnological alternative high-impact and a great help to the knowledge of the production of the taxoides to level in vitro and above all, for the conservation of this valuable natural resource. The objectives of this article are to determine some general information about the geographical distribution of Taxus spp.; chemical characteristics of taxoids, biological mechanism of action of taxol; path of biosynthesis, methods of extraction and analysis of the taxoids and a current review of the production of taxoids in situ and in vitro cultures and cells of Taxus spp.